Managing stable, severe COPD
Expert viewAims: To describe recommendations for management of patients with nonexacerbated but severe COPD, including the identification and reduction of risk factors; to describe pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment modalities and their outcomes; to describe the use of step-up and step-down treatment approaches; and to emphasise the important role of evaluating and managing comorbidities, especially for cardiovascular diseases, as well as the use of polypharmacy, in patients with severe COPD.